导语:慢阻肺评估包括对患者临床症状、急性加重风险、肺功能异常严重程度和并发症情况进行综合评估。其目的在于根据这些综合评估结果选择相应合适的治疗方案。今天丁香园非常荣幸邀请到卫生部中日友好医院呼吸科主任林江涛教授和德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥健康科学中心内科教授、GOLD指南科学委员会成员Antonio R. Anzueto教授一起分享对慢阻肺评估的临床经验和慢阻肺治疗方案的选择。
丁香园:从2014年GOLD指南的变化来看,对疾病的评估方法和治疗策略更综合,请您谈谈如何评估疾病风险及提供合适的治疗方案?
DXY: The latest GOLD report comprehensively renewed the evaluation of assessment and therapy of COPD, would you please share your views about how to evaluate COPD risks and provide proper therapy?
林江涛教授:针对慢阻肺,目前强调全面、系统地评估。早期评估慢阻肺只靠症状,但是症状评估的客观程度很差,为了提高症状评估的客观程度,我们发展了很多量表。
比较有代表性的量表有英国医学研究委员会呼吸问卷(mMRC)。近年来又发展了很多新量表,如慢阻肺患者自我评估测试(CAT)。通过量表来反映症状程度更具客观性,特别是CAT量表包含了许多对生活影响的内容,实际上它除了给症状程度评分以外,某种程度上也是给生活质量评分的量表。所以,评估的第一个方面是症状。
第二个方面是疾病在病理生理方面的改变,主要看气流受限程度的指标,即第一秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1/FVC)。这个比值越低,说明气道阻塞的越严重。如果FEV1/FVC>80%,为轻度;FEV1/FVC在80%-50%为中度;FEV1/FVC在 50%-30%为重度;FEV1/FVC<30%为极重度;比例越低越危险。
第三方面评估疾病的风险。目前研究证实慢阻肺急性加重是这个疾病最重要风险。急性加重的评估主要看过去一年中急性加重的次数,两次或以上为高风险,一次或以下为低风险。
GOLD指南还指出,如果急性加重需要住院来处理的,就算只有一次也属于高风险,因为住院处理往往伴有急性呼吸衰竭,或者其他严重的合并症,意味着他们病情更重,预后很差。
第四个方面为合并症的评估。很多慢阻肺病人死因并不都是呼吸衰竭,很多是死于合并症。慢阻肺急性加重以及合并症都会影响预后。所以现在强调对慢阻肺全面、系统地评估,尤其强调对合并症评估。
Prof. Anzueto: The GOLD committee was clear that we need to change the way we ever looked COPD. In the past we limited it to lung function, now we cooperate with patients’ symptoms as say in mMRC or CAT and risk of exacerbations. So we put these together, making the combination of evaluating risk factors for the future adverse like the exacerbations and symptoms in interaction with lung function.
We have the A, B, C, D groups, Group B is probably one of the most important groups. Because these patients are more symptomatic with preserved lung function but most of them don’t know they have COPD.
In all these groups, the main therapy is bronchodilators, and the data we collect on long acting anti cholinergic, like tiotropium, have been shown that is effective in moderate disease in group B, as well in more severe disease like group C and D in combination with other medications.
Anzueto教授:GOLD指南委员会明确表示我们要改变过去看待慢阻肺的方式。过去,我们对慢阻肺的评估局限在对肺功能的评估上,然而,现在我们会在肺功能评估基础上,结合患者症状,利用英国医学研究委员会呼吸问卷(mMRC)、慢阻肺评估测试(CAT)和急性加重风险来综合评估慢阻肺病情。
GOLD指南将慢阻肺患者分为A、B、C、D四个组,其中B组患者,过去我们称为中度慢阻肺患者,是最重要的患者人群。这是因为,B组患者通常已经有疾病症状,虽然很少发生急性加重,同时肺功能损伤不大,但绝多数人并不知道自己患有慢阻肺。
无论是什么组别的患者,支气管扩张剂都是主要的治疗药物。我们从长效抗胆碱能药物的相关临床研究数据中看到,噻托溴铵单用对B组患者疗效明显,与此同时作为联用药物对C、D组也有良好疗效。
丁香园:近年来,慢阻肺发病率和致死率不断升高,获得了学界很多关注。那么,近年来慢阻肺治疗领域有哪些主要的代表性临床研究?其中有关噻托溴铵的循证医学研究结果如何?
DXY: In recent years, the increasing morbidity and mortality of COPD attracts more academic attention. Could you please introduce some landmark trials of COPD these years? How about the evidence-based clinical trial results on tiotropium?
林江涛教授:这方面的研究很多,包括慢阻肺特征的描述性研究,慢阻肺诊断和评估方面的研究。
还有一些关于慢阻肺标志物的研究,但目前都没有发现很好的标志物。现在慢阻肺强调早期诊断,高危人群如40岁以上、有长期吸烟史的人,如果出现咳嗽、咳痰、活动后气短或上呼吸到感染等呼吸道症状,往往提示要警惕慢阻肺发生,应该尽早进行肺功能检查。
从治疗方面来说,目前有很多长效支气管舒张剂的研究,一般都是长达三到五年的研究。
从研究的结果来看,长期规律使用支气管舒张剂,如长效抗胆碱能药物(LAMA)可以明显改善病人的气促症状,改善肺功能,改善生活质量,减缓急性加重,降低死亡率。除了药物治疗,改善预后还需要加强对病人的营养指导和戒烟干预。
Prof. Anzueto: We have tremendous progress in the understanding of COPD. Specifically we looked into the case of long acting anti cholinergic like tiotropium, we have over 35 million patients years of experience to the medication, and we have landmark trials like UPLIFT, 4-year-study in lung function effect, and we have studies comparing LABA and LAMA in the effect of exacerbations like POET, and we have study in patients’ management and assessment like TIOSPIR with over 17000 patients with moderate of severe COPD willing to participate.
These tremendous experiments have shown the development of clinical trials and in the understanding of how the medications work.
Tiotropium was approved in the some countries around 11-12 years ago and we have nearly 200 clinical trials to evaluate the different aspects how the medication impacts COPD and the studies also have shown that the medication is associated with significant improvement in lung function, significant improvement in exercise capacity and quality of life, and at the same time have reduction in exacerbations, hospitalizations and someday we suggest in mortality.
Anzueto教授:我们对慢阻肺的认识有了极大提高,其中,对抗胆碱能药物对慢阻肺治疗也有深入研究。噻托溴铵是一种抗胆碱能药物,这些年来,我们招募了超过三千五百万患者参加使用噻托溴铵治疗慢阻肺的临床研究:UPLIFT试验观察噻托溴铵在4年随访时间里对肺功能的改善情况;POET-COPD研究比较了长效β2受体激动剂(LABA)和长效抗胆碱能药物(LAMA)在预防急性加重上的表现;超过17, 000名中度或重度慢阻肺患者参加的TIOSPIR试验,则评价了长效抗胆碱能药物在疾病管理和评估上的作用。
这些临床试验结果展示了近年来慢阻肺临床研究发展的巨大进步,提升了对慢阻肺治疗的认识。
大约11、12年前,噻托溴铵作为慢阻肺治疗药物已经在一些国家上市使用了。约200项临床研究从不同方面评估了噻托溴铵在治疗慢阻肺上的作用,研究结果表明,噻托溴铵在显著改善肺功能、运动耐量和生活质量的同时,还能有效降低急性加重发生率、住院率甚至是死亡率。
丁香园:GOLD指南推荐对C、D组患者使用LAMA或ICS+LABA治疗,从疗效和风险综合评估的角度,您如何看待这些治疗方式?
DXY: GOLD report recommends Group C、D patients use LAMA or ICS+LABA, how do you think about the safety and efficacy of these therapies?
林江涛教授:目前来看,对出现气流受限等症状的患者,通常都要选择长效支气管舒张剂的治疗,其中包括B级的病人,他们可以单独使用长效支气管舒张剂。
但是C级病人属于高风险人群,急性加重风险多,肺功能差,对于高风险人群,基本用药就是长效支气管扩张剂,可以再联合其他类型的支气管舒张剂或激素。
这里再谈一谈,慢阻肺的支气管炎症与哮喘有明显不同。慢阻肺支气管炎症对激素反应性差,需要高剂量才能获益,但高剂量激素有潜在风险,如丙酸氟替卡松、布地奈德使用超过1000μg/d,都与肺炎发生有关。
GOLD指南里也有相关指引,在激素使用上,应该给病人一个适当剂量,不可以一味追求剂量,导致病人发生肺炎等不良反应。
Prof. Anzueto: The COPD patients who are very sick, we know that adding the combination of the three medications the LAMA, LABA and ICS, there is reduction in exacerbation and improvement in lung function. So this medication has been shown to be very effective in reduction of exacerbation in the group D patients.
With ICS, we know some of the side effects potentially on bone, like osteoporosis, and maybe increase the risk of developing phneumonia. So the clinicians and the patients must be aware that the medication has benefits because it can reduce exacerbations but at the same time with ICS, patients have risk of having phneumonia.
Anzueto教授:对于重度慢阻肺患者,长效β2受体激动剂、长效抗胆碱能药物和吸入性激素联合治疗能够有效降低急性加重和改善肺功能。这种三联用药治疗手段对D组患者是有效的。
吸入性激素治疗有可能引起骨质疏松症或肺炎的副作用。因此,医生和患者都必须了解,三联用药治疗虽然可以减少急性加重发生,但同时由于激素的存在,可能会增加发生肺炎的风险。
丁香园:最新的WISDOM研究结果显示,接受噻托溴铵和沙美特罗的重度COPD患者停用和继续糖皮质激素治疗的患者中重度急性加重风险相似。您认为这个研究结果对于临床激素治疗慢阻肺有何启示?
DXY: The WISDOM trial reports, in patients with severe COPD receiving tiotropium and salmeterol, the risk of moderate or severe exacerbations was similar among those who discontinued inhaled glucocorticoids and those who continued. What kind of inspiration do you think the WISDOM trial would on the ICS treatment of COPD?
Prof. Anzueto: The focus on treatment of COPD has been an escalating therapy, an adding therapy. We started with anti cholinergics like tiotropium, if the patients’ sympoms don’t improve, we add LABA, and in patients of category D and exacerbations we add ICS, so our approach is to add on medications.
Now the WISDOM trial asks us: can we withdraw corticosteroids? Would it be safe to withdraw corticosteroids in patients with severe and very severe COPD that they are stable and have a history of exacerbation if we could reduce dose of ICS? If that’s the case, are we increasing the risk of having the patients in exacerbations?
The WISDOM trial has shown that we could effectively withdraw ICS with stepdown withdrawal from 500μg to 250μg to 100μg to nothing and have shown that in a year there is no difference in exacerbation. So if we withdraw ICS in this way in these patients, we would not increase the risk of exacerbations.
Anzueto教授:一般来说,慢阻肺治疗是一个升阶式治疗。例如,治疗伊始我们用抗胆碱能药物,如果症状控制不理想,我们会加用β2受体激动剂,而对于D组或急性加重频发的患者,我们会再加用吸入性激素治疗。所以,慢阻肺治疗就是逐渐加用药物,直到症状控制。
现在,WISDOM研究提出了几个疑问:慢阻肺治疗可以停用激素吗?有急性加重史的重度或极重度患者在症状得到控制后停用激素治疗是否安全?如果可以停用,这样是否会提高患者急性加重的风险呢?
WISDOM研究结果告诉我们,激素剂量在按500μg/d、 250μg/d、100μg/d逐步减量到完全停用后,患者在一年内发生急性加重的风险与持续使用激素的患者相比没有差异。由此我们知道,逐步减量至停用激素,不会增加急性加重风险。
丁香园:临床上,对于使用激素后症状已得到控制的患者,应如何规范停用激素?停用激素后,如何选择药物继续治疗?
DXY: For patients whose symptoms are under control, how to withdraw ICS properly? What kind of medication should be continued after the withdrawal?
Prof. Anzueto: I think we should emphasize in the WISDOM trial, for whoever withdraws ICS, these patients were treated with tiotropium and salmeterol. So they would receive both LABA and LAMA with separate device. And that’s what makes safety and not increasing the risk of exacerbation. The withdrawal is in the setting of having patients staying in long acting bronchodilators, what this demonstrates is that the efficacy in long acting bronchodilators in the reduction of exacerbations is pretty big and is the mainstream therapy and the main intervention that is changing COPD.
Anzueto教授:我要强调一下,在WISDOM研究中,停用吸入性激素治疗的患者都会继续接受噻托溴铵和沙美特罗的治疗,也就是长效抗胆碱能药物和长效β2受体激动剂。这样才能保证用药安全,同时不增加急性加重的风险。
停用激素是为了让患者坚持使用长效支气管扩张剂,这也说明了长效支气管扩张剂在减少急性加重上有很大作用,是慢阻肺治疗的最主要手段。